Unit 11: Climate , Agriculture And Society
气候,农业和社会
Climate , Agriculture And Society
气候,农业和社会
In both East and West, the transition from old concepts has come through the enhanced capacity for scientific observation that has been achieved.
在两者东西向,转换从旧的概念有经历增加容量为系统的观察那已经完成.
It has been realised that changes in the energy received from the sun may be of sufficient magnitude to exert a major bearing on climate.
它体会, 变化在能量上被接受从太阳也许是充足的巨大施加少校涉及气候
These have a periodicity that is reflected in the pattern of climatic events associated with ice ages.
这些有周期性那被反映在气候上的事件的模式与冰有关年龄.
The present historic period follows the most recent ice age but is the period in which agriculture was initiated during the Climatic Optimum.
礼物历史的时期跟随最最近冰年龄但是是时期在哪一个农业被开始正当气候上的最佳.
Short term fluctuations in the output of solar energy have only minor effects on climate.
短的期间波动在太阳能的输出穿着未成年人效果在气候.
But, long term fluctuations have had profound effects.
但是,长期间波动已有深奥的效果.
In China, changes have been observed to occur roughly at intervals of two centuries, and it was obvious from numerous records in the West that there are periodicities that are roughly two centuries in length in climatic tre
在中国,变化已经遵守发生概略地每隔二世纪,并且它是明摆着的事从数目众多的记录在西方那有周期性那概略地二世纪长度在气候上的趋势,除了
These changes cannot be regarded as fixed, they are of an approximate order.
这些变化不能被看作作为固定,他们是的大约顺序.
But, we note that Chinese historians observed such periodicities and because Chinese thought was fixed on the past and on ancestral influence on patterns of behaviour, its historians were inclined to regard human existence
但是,我们笔记那汉语历史学家遵守这样周期性和因为汉语认为是固定在过去和在祖先的对品行的模式有影响,它的历史学家倾向于把一认作人类存在巨大线
In China, the coincidence of periods of social instability, barbarian invasion, plague and pestilence occurred at times when Asia was dry and the continental influence pushed back the monsoons so leading to crop failures
在中国,时期的巧合的社会的不稳定,野蛮人侵入,折磨和瘟疫时常发生当亚洲干燥和大陆的影响向后推季节风如此前导裁剪失败.
The patterns of change in world climate have been quasi-periodic, not random.
模式的改变在世界气候已经类似的-周期的,不胡乱地.
The changes have affected agriculture, as has been substantiated from the coincidence of major changes during the period -8000 to 0 between climate and agricultural development.
变化已影响农业,当已经使从实体化主要的变化的巧合正当时期 -8000 - 0 位于气候和农业发展.
There have been periods such as those highlighted by Bell when the coincidence of adverse climatic conditions had a catastrophic effect in social terms upon Empires that had been flourishing for long periods over extended are
有时期比如那些突出由铃当不利的气候上的条件的巧合有悲惨的结果在社会的条件在帝国之上那已经繁茂的长久时期以上扩大的区域.
These effects had significant impact upon such agriculturally based communities because their prosperity was closely dependent upon the supply of food.
这些效果有重要的冲击在这样之上农业基本社会因为他们的繁荣接近地依靠在食物的供给之上 .
Effects socially did not coincide exactly but were delayed, sometimes in the order of several decades.
效果在社会上不符合准确但是被延迟,有时在数十年的顺序.
In our own era, the rise and fall of civilisations in such far distant areas as Cambodia and Southern Mexico has reflected changes in climate of an intermittent character which can be related to the location and intensity of the intertropical convergence zone.
在我们自己的时代, 文明的上升和秋天在如此遥远的区域象柬埔寨和南墨西哥反射了变化在可能与热带地区的汇合区域的地点和强度有关一断断续续的强烈的气候上
These are attuned to the occurrence of cold periods in higher latitudes and so reflect changes in the pattern of the Earth's heat distribution.
这些被调音寒冷时期的事件在更高的纬度和如此反射变化在地球的模式的热分布.
Similarly, countries situated astride the tropical and temperate zones, such as China and Australia, are greatly influenced by changes in the location of fronts between masses of cold and monsoonal air.
同样, 国家位于横跨热带和温带, 譬如中国和澳洲, 被变化很大地影响在前线的地点上在寒冷大量和季风空气之间.
Such shifts may be for long periods of time (of the order of one or two centuries, but sometimes of millennia, as in the Climatic Optimum).
这样转换可以是长久时段 (很少的世纪的顺序,但是有时的 millennia,当在气候上的最佳).
"Wobbles" in the circumpolar vortex influence the position of such fronts.
"摆动"在周极的旋涡影响这样前面的位置.