Unit 4: Plants And Microorganisms
种植和微生物
Plants And Microorganisms
种植和微生物
In "Famine on the Wind", Carefoot and Sprott (1) present a detailed description of the profound influence the important fungus diseases, and a few of the viruses, have had upon the history of many countries, operating by their effects on agricultural productivity.
在"饥荒项风",Carefoot和Sprott(1)赠送详细的描述的深奥的影响重要的菌类疾病,并且一些病毒,已有在许多国家的历史之上操作由他们的效果在
Man's increasing demands for food and for other valuable vegetable products, like rubber, and timber have frequently been frustrated by insect pests, fungi, bacteria or viruses.
人的增加要求为食物和为其他有价值植物产品,喜欢橡皮,并且用木材支撑已时常被挫败由昆虫害虫,fungi,细菌或病毒.
Given the correct seasonal conditions, these organisms can work havoc upon agricultural productivity.
给改正周期性的条件,这些有机体能工作蹂躏在农业生产力之上 .
There are numerous examples, such as: ergot of rye, wheat rust, the grain smuts, potato blight, downy mildew of grapes, coffee rust and banana diseases;
有数目众多的例子,比如:裸麦的麦角症小麦锈,谷粒煤尘,马铃薯破坏,葡萄的绒毛的霉咖啡锈和香蕉疾病;
the bacterial diseases that attack silk worms, vegetables, citrus and trees;
细菌的疾病那攻击丝蠕虫,蔬菜,柑橘植物和树;
and viruses that cause systemic diseases such as barley yellow dwarf or leaf roll of potato.
并且病毒那引起系统的疾病比如大麦黄色矮子或叶马铃薯的卷 .
Many are carried by wind and others by secondary agents, such as the aphids that transmit the tobacco mosaic virus, although these too may be borne on the wind.
许多被运由风以及其他由辅助的代理人,比如蚜虫那转送烟草马赛克病毒,虽然这些太可以是忍受项风.
Three fungal diseases may be chosen as examples of historic interest, ergot of rye, mildew of grapes and potato blight.
三fungal疾病可以被挑选作为历史的兴趣的例子,裸麦的麦角症 ,葡萄的霉和马铃薯破坏.
The conditions which favour the development of the purple cockspurs on rye are wet, heavy morning fogs in the spring time.
条件喜欢紫鸡距的发展在裸麦湿的,重早晨迷惑在春天时间.
When the prevailing climatic conditions are of the right pattem, the fungus (Claviceps purpurea) spreads explosively through the fields, until in some bad-ergot years half or more of the rye heads carry the ergot.
当盛行很广的气候上的条件是的右翼pattern菌类(Clavicepspurpurea)传播炸药通过域,直到在一些坏麦角症年一半的或更大程度上的裸麦头运麦角症.
In the past, it was customary for black rye bread to be the staple food of the common people in southern France, and in inclement years the prevalence of the ergot led to a serious poisoning, termed 'Holy Fire" or "St. Anthony's Fire"
从前,它是习惯的为黑黑面包是主要产物普通人的食物在南方的法国,并且在险恶的年麦角症的流行导致严肃的中毒,期间'神圣的火"或军士安东尼的火.
The fever attacks the central nervous system.
发烧攻击中央的神经系统.
It tore away men's reason and turned them into screaming, gibbering brutes, or into hopeless cripples as their fingers, toes, arms and legs blackened and corroded from a dry gangrene.
它撕碎离去的男人的理由和把他们变成尖叫,gibbering畜生,或进入绝望的跛者作为他们的手指,脚趾,武器和腿变黑和侵蚀从干燥腐败.
Only death gave relief.
仅仅死亡给消除.
Holy Fire was first reported from the Rhine Valley in the Kingdom of the Franks in +857. Another epidemic spread through France in 1039, and led a certain Gaston de la Valloire, to establish hospitals for the victims.
神圣的火是第一报告从莱茵河谷在王国的免费递送在+857.另一个传染病传播通过法国在1039,并且导致某一个Gaston de Valloire,建立医院为受害人.
These were dedicated to St. Anthony and hence the alternate name.
这些专用的到军士安东尼因而交替名字.
More and more hospitals were established to treat the victims as the disease raged on whenever the spring time was moist and foggy.
越来越医院被建立对待受害人作为疾病愤怒在每当春天时间潮湿的和模糊的.
The scourge was greatly feared, and its cause remained unrecognised until 1670 when a French doctor found it was associated with the eating of rye bread.
鞭被非常害怕,并且它的原因保持直到1670当法语医生发现它是与有关吃一些黑面包.
It has been found that only 2% ergot contamination of the bread is likely to cause an epidemic.
现已发现仅仅2%麦角症面包的污染很有可能原因传染病.
The disease even had significance historically, for Peter the Great failed in a bid to open a route to the Black Sea because his army was badly hit by the Holy Fire, when it entered the Volga Delta and affected horses and men.
疾病甚至有重要性历史的,为耗尽伟大的在不足出价打开路线黑海因为他的军队恶劣打击由神圣的火,何时它进入 Volga三角洲和马和男人.
The cause of the sickness has now been traced to powerful alkaloid drugs, one of which is lysergic acid diethylamide or the LSD of modern drug addiction fame.
疾病的原因已现在被上溯强大生物碱药物,lysergic是哪一个之一酸类物质diethylamide或调制解调器的LSD药上瘾名望.
Downy mildew of grapes is a disease of more recent origin, but the growing of grapes has an ancient history.
葡萄的绒毛的霉是更多最近起点的疾病但是成长的的葡萄有远古的历史.
The grape is an ancient plant found in fossil form from Alaska to China, but in greatest abundance around the Caspian Sea.
葡萄是远古的植物发现在化石形成从阿拉斯加州到中国,但是在最伟大的丰富在附近里海的海.
Its origin is placed at somewhere in the valleys of the Caucasus.
它的起点被放置在在某处在 Caucasus的谷 .
From thence it spread westward through Asia Minor into Thrace and eastward into Turkestan.
从因此它传播西方通过亚洲未成年人进入Thrace和东方进入西域.
The main species still grow wild in the forests around the Caspian.
仍然主种野生在森林在附近里海的.
There are about 50 species, but the most useful is Vitis vinifera, whose sweet, succulent berries, charged with bouquets and flavours are carefully tended on every continent of the world.
有关于50种,但是大多数有用的是Vitisvinifera,谁的糖果,多汁的浆果,负责花束和flavours被大陆小心地照料每的世界.
Wine from grapes is mentioned in the histories of the Near East as far back as 4000 years ago.
葡萄酒从葡萄被提到在接近东方的历史远在 4000年以前.
It was in -500 that the grape first came to France.
它是在 -500那葡萄第一来到法国.
In 1845, mildew was observed on grapes in England and then, in 1848, it was seen on vines near Versailles.
在1845,霉被评论葡萄在英国然后,在1848,它被看在藤接近Versailles.
Within five years it had reached every vineyard in Europe, North Africa, and the islands of the Mediterranean.
在五以内年它已达到每葡萄园在欧洲,北非洲,并且地中海的岛屿 .
By that time there were 7 million hectares of vines in Europe, and financial losses were therefore enormous.
由那时间有7藤的一百万公顷在欧洲,并且财政的损失因此巨大的.
At first, the mildew was controlled with a lime sulphur spray, but later it was found in Bordeaux that a mixture of copper sulphate and lime gave the most effective control.
起初,霉被控制和石灰硫磺喷雾,但是稍后它到波尔多葡萄酒那铜的混合sulphate和石灰给最有效的控制.
The best control, however, is a climatic one.
最好控制,无论如何,是气候上的一.